home / Dermatitis/ S. Simonov - the unknown genius of Russia (a.g. merchants). Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov Simonov's weapons, developed by him in the last years of his life

S. Simonov - the unknown genius of Russia (a.g. merchants). Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov Simonov's weapons, developed by him in the last years of his life

One moment: Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich

Hello dear friends!

Today is September 22nd. On this day, in 1894, one of the greatest designers in the field of small arms, Sergey Gavrilovich Simonov, was born. His family lived quite poorly, and therefore, from the age of six, the future gunsmith had to work hard in the field. From the early age the rural boy showed his design abilities, creating various agricultural devices. Later, at the age of 21, Sergei Gavrilovich went to work at a small factory, which allowed him to complete technical courses. Having such an education and experience, he managed to get a job at the Kovrov machine-gun plant (now JSC "Plant named after V. A. Degtyarev"). After working for some time and receiving the position of senior master, he, under the guidance of two venerable gunsmiths: Degtyarev and Fedorov, worked on we will tell about the most famous specimens created by the hands of a talented master below.

ABC-36

Our first guest is a rifle that has come a long way before being put into service. Simonov presented his first sample of an automatic rifle back in 1926, but the prototype was not allowed to field tests. During factory firing, a shift in the center of gravity of the weapon was noted, associated with the special location of the gas exhaust mechanism, which significantly affected accuracy during firing. In addition, the tests revealed the low reliability of the rifle, due to the low security of its components, as well as the difficulty in disassembling the weapon. Because of these reasons, the commission did not even consider the issue of manufacturing an experimental batch of ABC-36.

But this did not stop the designer, and by 1931 he made another attempt to create an automatic rifle. The presented weapon surpassed similar models of Degtyarev and Tokarev. The ABC passed all field and military tests, and already in 1936 was put into service. However, it was produced for a short time - until 1940. This was due to the fact that Stalin demanded that a self-loading rifle be designed for the army. According to the commander-in-chief, automatic weapons lead to an overrun of ammunition, and therefore it was decided to adopt self-loading SVT-38 into service. Some historians believe that Simonov's name was unknown to Stalin, while he was well acquainted with Tokarev, which played in favor of abandoning the ABC-36. However, this did not prevent the use of Sergei Gavrilovich's rifle at the beginning of World War II. It is curious that even the Germans did not miss the opportunity to use captured specimens in battle.

Armor-piercing weapons

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the troops felt an acute shortage of guns capable of hitting light and medium tanks. The production of guns required time, which was short. And therefore, at the end of the summer of 1941, the front command instructed two gunsmiths - Degtyarev and his student Simonov, to take up the creation of anti-tank rifles. At the same time, only one month was allocated for development and testing. That is why Sergei Gavrilovich, without hesitation, used almost identical ABC-36 units, though enlarged for a 14.5 mm caliber cartridge. Both designers were in time for the appointed time. Unlike the Degtyarev weapon (PTRD), the Simonov rifle (PTRS) was almost 3 kg heavier, while it contained 5 ammunition, and therefore provided a high rate of fire. A rather rare case in history when both samples submitted to the commission were adopted. Surely this was due to the hopeless situation at the front. The PTRS showed its high efficiency when firing at a distance of up to 300 meters, while without any problems piercing the armor of light and medium tanks - the main weapon of the Wehrmacht in a lightning war. Many of the steel monsters were reduced to riddled scrap metal when they came under fire from anti-tank rifles. Blitzkrieg choked - invaluable time was won, which made it possible to arrange the production of guns. The role of anti-tank rifles gradually decreased, but this did not prevent them from being used until the end of the war to suppress firing points, destroy armored vehicles and low-flying aircraft.

SKS-45

The gunsmith has not ceased to amaze the world with his developments. Along with the Kalashnikov assault rifle, a special place in the history of the Soviet automatic weapons chambered for 7.62 mm occupies a self-loading carbine Simonov. It was created on the basis of one of the experimental rifles brilliant designer. The weapon received impressive characteristics - it was light, compact and unpretentious in handling. In 1944, the SKS-45 passed military tests, which revealed a number of shortcomings: tight extraction of spent cartridges, the possibility of cartridge misalignment in the magazine, as well as insufficient reliability of automation in bad weather conditions. Due to these reasons, the adoption of the Simonov carbine was delayed until 1949. However, the SKS-45 did not stay in the army, because at the end of the 50s the USSR army began to massively switch from carbines to machine guns. Nevertheless, the SCS was in service with non-combat units for some time. In our time, the carbine has found a second life in the circles of hunters, and also as a ceremonial weapon of the guard of honor companies.

The further fate of the gunsmith

For the creation of new types of weapons, the designer was awarded many awards, including: Hero of Socialist Labor, three Orders of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal. Many experts note that Simonov was a supporter of simplifying and reducing the cost of production through the use of stamping and casting - technological processes, which are widely used in the manufacture of weapons in our time. Throughout his life, Sergei Gavrilovich was engaged in the development of new and modification of old weapons. The fruit of his painstaking work were about 200 copies of authentic firearms. It is curious that at one time Simonov managed to take part in the development of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, and also become the author of the scheme for reducing the dimensions of submachine guns, which I now use UZI and MAS-10.

But no one is forever. Unfortunately, on May 6, 1986, Sergei Gavrilovich died. He became one of the few people to whom a monument was erected during his lifetime. His name is immortalized on a stele to weapons designers on the territory of the plant from which he began his career as an engineer. Everyone who worked with Simonov noted his dedication to his work, as well as his good, kind disposition.

"The name of the outstanding Russian aircraft designer of our time, Mikhail Petrovich Simonov, has long been immortalized abroad: it is inscribed in golden letters in the history of world aviation in the Hall of Fame of the National Museum of Aviation and Astronautics in Washington (USA), along with such legendary names as I.I. Sikorsky , S. V. Ilyushin and Wernher von Braun. In Russia, his activities for many years remained sealed with seven seals - primarily due to secrecy, and also due to a general decrease in attention to aviation and, most importantly, to its creators. This injustice eliminates to a certain extent the decision of grateful students of one of the pillars domestic aviation, and (first of all) CEO aviation holding JSC "Company" Sukhoi "M.A. Pogosyan, to publish a book about the great designer, as well as the desire of former and current associates and colleagues of M.P. Simonov to tell the general reader about it.

Casting the memory of Mikhail Petrovich into lines, restoring the events that time mercilessly erases, we hoped to convey to the reader a feeling of deepest respect for the man whose whole life was devoted to aviation. While working on the book, we also hoped that it, saturated with testimonies of direct participants and eyewitnesses of the development of the Russian aircraft industry at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, could become a serious source of information for aviation historians, would allow us to find the answer to the question of how to achieve success, modern aviation engineers and designers, and veterans of the Sukhoi Design Bureau once again give themselves over to the power of a natural and bright feeling of nostalgia for the happy moments of their youth.

We hope that the book will be of interest to young people who are still far from aviation. Perhaps, after meeting in absentia with a wonderful aircraft designer, people who worked hand in hand with him for many years, sincerely and forever in love with aviation, someone will more often peer into the sky, hearing the rumble of aircraft turbines, looking for the swift contours of Simonov’s sky in the bottomless sky blueness. machines. They are inalienable and main part life story of Mikhail Petrovich Simonov - may well claim the title of a guiding star in the boundless ocean of life."

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Designer Simonov S.G. Biography and history of the creation of small arms samples by him

Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich

Biography

First developments

ABC-36: history of creation, general information

PTRS: history of creation, general information

SCS: history of creation, general information

Main characteristics (SKS-45)

Used Books

Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich

Biography

Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich - Soviet designer of small arms. Born September 22 (October 4), 1894 in the village of Fedotovo, now the Vladimir region, in a peasant family. Russian. Studied at a rural school 3 classes. From the age of 16 he worked in a forge. Since 1915, he worked as a mechanic at a small factory, studied and graduated from technical courses. Since 1917, he worked as a mechanic-debugger of automatic weapons at the Kovrov machine-gun plant (now - OAO "Plant named after V.A. Degtyarev"). He took part in the finalization and debugging of the first Russian machine gun V.G. Fedorov. Since 1922, he held the positions of a foreman, later a senior foreman.

Since 1922 - master, then senior master. Since 1929 - head of the assembly shop, designer, head of the experimental workshop. In 1922-1923. designs a light machine gun and an automatic rifle under the direction of V.G. Fedorov and V.A. Degtyarev. In 1926, the Simonov automatic rifle (AVS-36) was introduced, and in 1936 it was adopted by the Red Army.

Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1927

In 1932-1933 he studied at the Industrial Academy

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Simonov was evacuated with the enterprise to Saratov. He paid much attention to the creation of light and heavy machine guns, but did not stop the development of other weapons.

In 1941, he developed a 14.5-mm self-loading anti-tank rifle (PTRS), which was successfully used in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

In 1944, the Simonov self-loading carbine was adopted by the Red Army. Produced under license in many countries: China, Yugoslavia, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, etc. In 20 countries was in service.

In the 50-70s S.G. Simonov worked at NII-61 (now the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering TSNIITOCHMASH) (the city of Klimovsk, Moscow Region), where he created more than 150 types of small arms, including several dozen different variants of self-loading and automatic carbines created on the basis of the SCS, as well as self-loading rifles, self-loading sniper rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns. For the creation of new types of weapons, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1954, Simonov Sergey Gavrilovich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal. The outstanding designer was not a brawler, he always said that you just need to work hard, be completely devoted to the cause. He was one of the first Soviet gunsmiths who developed the design of weapons, taking into account the simplification and reduction in the cost of production by introducing stamping and casting for the manufacture of the most critical parts. He also developed a scheme that made it possible to reduce the dimensions of submachine guns. On this basis, were created: ultrasound, "Ingram", "Bereta".

The constructive basis of the Kalashnikov assault rifle is also the work of S.G. Simonov. The Museum of the Armed Forces displays more than 200 samples and modifications of his weapons. He paid much attention to the introduction of new samples into production, the education of competent and responsible specialists. He charged everyone with his energy and dedication. Could work around the clock. Was a happy father. Raised and raised eight children. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, I degree (1942) and II degree (1949), Honored Inventor of the RSFSR (1964), was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. He was awarded three orders of Lenin, orders October revolution, Kutuzov 2nd degree, Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Star, two orders of the Red Banner of Labor, medals. Died May 6, 1986. He was buried in Moscow at the Kuntsevo cemetery. In the center of Podolsk, in the presence of S.G. Simonov, a monument was unveiled to him. The designer's name is immortalized on a stele dedicated to gunsmiths on the territory of the Degtyarev plant in the city of Kovrov.

Rice. 1. S.G. Simonov in front of his weapons collection at NII-61. Klimovsk, 1953

First inventions

Simonov began independent inventive activity in 1922-1923, when he designed and assembled his first light machine gun and automatic rifle. Sergey Gavrilovich is one of the first Soviet gunsmiths who developed the design of a machine gun, taking into account the simplification and reduction in the cost of production by introducing stamping and casting for the manufacture of the most critical part of the machine gun - the receiver, besides an extremely simple configuration. The details of the movable automation system also did not require complicated machining.

Such a rational approach of the designer to the design of a new model, not only from a purely technical, but also a technological side, contributed to the creation of a very simple and in many respects promising weapons. However, tests conducted in 1926 revealed insufficient reliability of the weapon's automation, which affected the further fate of the light machine gun. The situation was similar with the first model of Simonov's 7.62-mm automatic rifle. The Commission of the Main Artillery Directorate of the Red Army (GAU) noted the structural simplicity of the rifle. However, the designer made a serious miscalculation by making a gas outlet on the side. As a result of the violation of symmetry, the center of gravity of the weapon shifted, which, when fired, caused the bullet to deviate along the trajectory. The issues of assembling and disassembling the rifle were not fully thought out, there was no single-fire translator. The conclusion of the commission was unequivocal: the rifle did not even pass the preliminary exam. Failure did not stop the young designer. With even greater perseverance, he began to work on improving his rifle.

Rice. 2. 7.62-mm automatic rifle of the Simonov system, prototype 1931

Simonov automatic rifle (ABC)

History of creation

In 1931, the fifth version of the automatic rifle (ABC) appeared. She successfully withstood the fight against such strong competitors as the designs of Degtyarev and Tokarev, and passed all field and military tests. In the course of a rather lengthy setting of the ABC in mass production for several years, the designer sent to the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant constantly made improvements to its design. To increase the accuracy of the battle of weapons (especially when conducting automatic fire), the rifle received an effective muzzle brake, which absorbed part of the recoil energy and stabilized the position of the weapon when firing; new receiver cover; a one-piece stamped back of the butt was made; shortened barrel lining. Instead of a folding needle bayonet, a detachable blade-type bayonet was adopted for the rifle, which could be used in the reclined position as a stop during automatic firing. The new model entered service with the Red Army under the designation 7.62 mm Simonov automatic rifle mod. 1936 (ABC-36).

The production of the rifle was carried out in 1934-1939. Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant. Along with its standard version, a sniper modification of this weapon was also produced in very small quantities, equipped with optical sight PE. ABC-36 rifles were widely used during Soviet-Finnish war 1939-1940 and in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

In 1938, Simonov presented an improved model - SVS-14. The upgraded rifle had higher combat and fairly good performance. But a rather curious incident influenced the fate of this sample. People's Commissar for the Defense Industry B.L. Vannikov later recalled: “In 1937-1939 we tested several self-loading rifles, including those presented by designers Tokarev and Simonov. in the manufacture of an experimental rifle, it showed slightly worse results in firing than Tokarev's design ... Along with other advantages, Simonov's rifle had smaller dimensions and a smaller bayonet-cleaver, which ensured good maneuverability. that the Russian rifle, due to the longest bayonet, always had advantages in close combat. I insisted that the Simonov rifle was better than others, and asked for the opportunity to make new samples for re-testing. Most of the commission members did not agree to this and decided recommend the Tokarev rifle for service ... "Thus, p lunch went to the self-loading rifle Tokarev SVT-38.

Rice. 3. Bayonet for ABC

General information

The Simonov automatic rifle was put into service in 1936 under the name "7.62-mm automatic rifle of the Simonov system model 1936 (AVS-36)".

Rifle automation operates due to the energy of powder gases discharged from the barrel bore.

The bore is locked by a wedge moving in a vertical plane. The lowering of the wedge is carried out by the cocking clutch, and the rise by the bolt stem.

The shock-type trigger mechanism allows both single and continuous fire.

The flag-type fire mode selector is located at the rear of the trigger guard.

Replaceable box-type magazine with a two-row arrangement of 15 rounds in a checkerboard pattern. The magazine equipment can be carried out either individually with the magazine removed, or from a clip without separating the magazine.

Open-type sighting devices consist of a front sight and a sector sight, which allows aimed fire at a distance of up to 1500 m.

The rifle has a special bracket for mounting an optical sight, which is mounted on the left wall of the box in a longitudinal groove. The safety lock only blocks the trigger. Solid wooden stock with a pistol neck. For hand-to-hand combat, the rifle is equipped with a blade-type bayonet, which, with automatic fire, rotated 90 °, can serve as a support.

Rice. 4. 7.62-mm automatic rifle Simonov arr. 1936 (ABC-36)

Rice. 5. 7.62 mm Simonov SVS-14 self-loading sniper rifle

Main characteristics (AVS-36)




without bayonet, optical sight and magazine
with bayonet, optical sight and magazine

with a bayonet
without bayonet
muzzle velocity
Magazine capacity	15 rounds
Rate of fire:
single shots	25 rds/min
in short bursts	40 rds/min
Sighting range

Rice. 6. ABC of various designs

Anti-tank self-loading rifle (PTRS)

History of creation

A truly high point for Sergei Gavrilovich was the summer of 1941, when the Soviet armed forces needed, along with an increase in the production of anti-tank artillery, to supply the front with an effective, mobile, easy-to-handle anti-tank melee weapon. At that time, only an anti-tank rifle (PTR) could become such a weapon, which had a small mass, high maneuverability on the battlefield and the possibility of good camouflage in relation to the terrain.

Gunsmiths N. Rukavishnikov, V. Degtyarev and S. Simonov are involved in the creation of the PTR. Sergei Gavrilovich himself subsequently recalled the design of a 14.5-mm self-loading anti-tank rifle: “There was no time for experiments, because we were given only a month to do so. Therefore, many well-proven automatic rifle components were used in the design. They only had to be enlarged to size , which allowed the use of 14.5-mm cartridges, the production of which was established by the industry.We worked from the comfort of the shop, day and night:

“History does not know, perhaps, other examples of such a rapid creation of small arms models. On August 29, 1941, the 14.5-mm anti-tank rifles Degtyarev (PTRD) and Simonov (PTRS) are adopted by the Red Army. In terms of their combat and operational qualities, the new anti-tank weapons surpassed almost all similar foreign systems, allowing Soviet infantrymen to successfully fight enemy light and medium tanks.

Stalin gave the order to begin production of PTRS at the Tula Machine Gun Plant No. 66. Good technical and economic indicators of this sample allowed the arms factory to master its production in a short time. Subsequently, Simonov wrote about this: "There were no misunderstandings in the production with PTRS. It went, as they say, on the move. True, I had to stand at the machine more than once and show how best to mill and sharpen this or that part." The urgent need of the troops for this powerful weapon forced the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant No. 622 to organize the production of Simonov guns. The total production of PTRD and PTRS in 1942 amounted to more than 20,000 pieces. per month. Simonov was awarded the Stalin (State) Prize for the development of an anti-tank rifle.

Simonov's anti-tank rifle was highly appreciated on all fronts. It possessed such combat qualities as ease of use, reliability in firing and high armor penetration. The presence of a five-round magazine and the ability to conduct semi-automatic fire favorably distinguished it from the Degtyarev PTR. Anti-tank rifles played a particularly important role in the Stalingrad epic, in the battles on the borders of the Aksai and Myshkov rivers southwest of Stalingrad. So, on December 15, 1942, during a counterattack of enemy tanks, a platoon of armor-piercers from the 59th mechanized brigade took positions. There was a dense winter fog. Putting anti-tank rifles on the shoulders of the second numbers, the armor-piercers stood waiting for the tanks to appear from behind the fog. This happened at a distance of 250-300 m. A short command was heard. PTRS shots flashed, and immediately enemy vehicles began to flash one after another. "Behind a short time, - later one of the participants in this battle A. Alenchenko recalled, - we managed to set fire to and knock out 14 tanks, after which the Germans retreated. It was not clear to them why the tanks were burning, because. in the fog they couldn't see us. And then the fog cleared, and the Germans went on the attack again, now directly at us: This battle was not easy for us: out of 21 fighters, only three survived ... "After the Battle of Stalingrad, the value of anti-tank guns as a means of fighting tanks began to decrease, although even in the battles on the Kursk Bulge, armor-piercers more than once crowned themselves with glory.Simonov after the war said: "I knew the armor-piercers, junior lieutenant Yablonka and the Red Army soldier Serdyukov, who destroyed 22 Nazi tanks in one day. "During the war, the list of targets for anti-tank rifles was significantly expanded - along with the destruction of armored personnel carriers, armored vehicles and tanks of the enemy, these weapons were successfully used to combat firing points, vehicles and low-flying aircraft.This weapon turned out to be a real find for Soviet partisans, in whom it was, in fact, the only effective tool fight against enemy armored vehicles. From the PTRS it was possible to disable the locomotive with one or two shots, set fire to the fuel tank.

Rice. 6. 14.5 mm anti-tank self-loading rifle Simonov PTRS mod. 1941

General information

Automation PTRS works on the principle of removing part of the powder gases from the barrel. There is a gas regulator with three positions for dosing the gases discharged to the piston, depending on the operating conditions. Locking is carried out by tilting the shutter frame in a vertical plane. The trigger mechanism provides fire only with single shots. When the cartridges are used up, the shutter stops in the open position. Flag fuse.

The barrel has eight right rifling and is equipped with a muzzle brake. A shock absorber (cushion) is installed on the butt plate of the butt.

The store is integral, with a hinged bottom cover and a lever feeder. Loading was carried out from below, a metal pack with five cartridges, arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The gun was completed with six packs.

The sight is open, sector type, at a distance of 100 to 1500 m.

The PTRS is heavier and structurally more complex than the PTRD, but it fires 5 rounds per minute faster. PTRS served the calculation of two people. In combat, the gun could carry one calculation number or both together (the carrying handles were attached to the barrel and butt). In the stowed position, the gun was disassembled into two parts - a barrel with a bipod and a receiver with a butt - and was carried by two calculation numbers.

Main characteristics (PTRS-41)

Caliber, mm 14.5

Weight (without cartridges), kg 22.0

Length, mm 2108

Barrel length, mm 1219

Cartridge 14.5 x 114 mm

Rate of fire, shots / min. fifteen

Muzzle velocity, m/s 1020

Sighting range, m 1500 (800 - effective)

Magazine capacity, rounds 5

Bullet weight, g 64

Muzzle energy of a bullet, kGm 3320

Rice. 7. 14.5x114 cartridges in a pack (clip) for the Simonov PTRS anti-tank rifle

Rice. 8. PTRS-41

Simonov self-loading carbine (SKS)

History of creation

Along with the Kalashnikov assault rifle, a special place in the history of Soviet automatic weapons, designed to use the 7.62-mm "intermediate" cartridge mod. 1943, took Simonov's self-loading carbine - SKS, which was distinguished by the greatest completeness both in technical and in production terms. Created in 1944 on the basis of the AKS-22 carbine mod. 1941, he absorbed all the best features of his predecessor: lightness, compactness, good combat and operational qualities.

In the same year, a fairly large batch of Simonov's self-loading carbines was sent to undergo military tests in parts of the 1st Belorussian Front and to the "Shot" courses, where they received a positive assessment: they noted the simplicity of the device, lightness, and ease of handling them in a combat situation. . Although tests in a real combat situation revealed certain shortcomings of the new weapon, including the tight extraction of spent cartridges; sticking cartridges when feeding from the store; insufficiently high reliability of the functioning of automation in complicated conditions. Therefore, the Soviet soldiers, unfortunately, did not receive enough at the final stage of the war powerful weapon. Full refinement and debugging of all carbine units was completed after the end of the Great Patriotic War.

For service Soviet army it was adopted only in 1949 under the name "7.62-mm self-loading carbine of the Simonov system (SKS)". The merits of the designer were awarded the second Stalin (State) Prize of the USSR, and in 1954 Simonov was awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor. The troops quickly took root in the new weapon, which was largely facilitated by its good combat and service-operational qualities, including good combat accuracy. Serial production of Simonov carbines was mastered in 1949 by the Tula Arms Plant, and in 1952 by the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant and continued until 1956. During this time, 2,685,900 Simonov SKS self-loading carbines were manufactured. And only a significant improvement in the combat qualities of the lightweight model of the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which ensured high accuracy of fire at a distance of up to 400 m, made it possible to standardize as the main individual weapons infantryman AK.

Simonov's carbine was taken out of production, but not out of service. Air Force, Navy, Strategic Missile Forces and ground forces it remained until the mid-80s, until it was finally supplanted by the 5.45-mm Kalashnikov AK-74 assault rifle. Now SCS have been preserved in the Russian army only in service with guard of honor companies. In addition, Simonov's self-loading carbines were also in service with more than 30 foreign countries. This weapon has become a truly masterpiece of design thought by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov.

Rice. 9. Self-loading carbine Simonov (SKS-45)

General information

The carbine automation works by removing part of the powder gases through a hole in the side wall of the barrel. The shutter is longitudinally sliding.

The barrel bore is locked by tilting the bolt down.

The trigger mechanism of the trigger type, which allows only single fire, is assembled in a separate housing.

Shop inseparable box-type for 10 rounds, located in a checkerboard pattern. The store is equipped with a clip.

Sights are open type and consist of a front sight and a sector sight with a range of up to 1000 m.

The flag-type safety is located at the rear of the trigger guard.

The stock is solid wood with a "pistol" protrusion of the neck. The carbine is equipped with an integral knife-type bayonet.

The carbine kit includes: accessory (ramrod, wiping, brush, punch, pencil case and oiler), belt, cartridge bags and clips

The reloading of the SCS after the next shot is carried out automatically, for which the energy of the powder gases discharged from the bore is used. The barrel bore is locked by tilting the bolt down.

Rice. 10. 7.62-mm self-loading carbine Simonov SKS in the sniper version

Rice. 11. SCS in analysis

Main characteristics




with empty magazine
with equipped magazine

with a bayonet
without bayonet

Sighting range
rate of fire	35--40 rds/min
muzzle energy
muzzle velocity
Magazine capacity	10 rounds

simonov automatic anti-tank weapon

SCS of various types

Simonov's experimental weapon

Simonov headed design bureaus at defense industry enterprises and retired only in 1959. But even then he did not stop working on new models of weapons. Evidence of high appreciation of his merits - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and twice - the laureate of the Stalin Prize, awarding eight orders and several medals. Over the long years of his creative activity, Simonov designed one and a half hundred different systems, but for a number of reasons only three gained fame: the ABC-36 automatic rifle, the PTRS anti-tank rifle and the SKS self-loading carbine, which became the service weapon of our army. What about the rest of the designs? What were they like? Let's try to answer this question, especially since the prototypes did not disappear without a trace, as often happened, but are stored in the collection of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow. Simonov himself contributed a lot to this, bequeathing his experimental weapon to the museum in 1960-1981. who transferred 155 "trunks" here. With a few exceptions, these are automatic systems, among which submachine guns and machine guns occupy a significant place.

1) Sergey Gavrilovich developed his first submachine gun in 1945-1946. It seemed that during the Second World War, all conceivable improvements were made to the design of such weapons. Nevertheless, Simonov found new, original solutions in the design of individual units and elements, so that the initial version of the PPS-6P model of 1946 had undeniable advantages over the Shpagin and Sudayev submachine guns that were in service. Its automation remained traditional for such systems and was based on the return of a free shutter, but the moving parts were much better protected from contamination. In particular, the shutter and the receiver were covered from dust and moisture by a thin-walled stamped cover, which remained motionless during firing.

On all serial submachine guns, spent cartridges were thrown up and to the side through a window in the receiver and prevented the shooter from sighting the target, Simonov directed the extraction of cartridges down, PPS-6P of the 1946 model had a constant sight at 200 m, consisting of a front sight and a rear sight, a box carbine type; 7.62-mm pistol cartridges of the 1930 model served as ammunition.

Rice. 12. Submachine gun PPS-6P arr. 1946

Caliber - 7.62 mm total length - 798 mm, empty weight - 3.27 kg, rate of fire - 700 rounds per minute, magazine capacity - 35 rounds

2) In 1949, the designer remade this weapon for 9-mm PM pistol cartridges and reduced its size by using a retractable metal butt. The new sample received the PPS-8P 49 brand. In the same year, on the instructions of the NKVD, Simonov began work on the first Soviet compact submachine gun. Taking the PPS-8P as a basis, to further reduce the dimensions, he used the bolt to roll out onto the barrel at the time of the shot. (It was only in 1954 that such a decision was embodied in the Israeli Uzi, so its author Uziel Gal was far from the first).

A feature of the new weapon was a low rate of fire, which was achieved by a relatively large mass of moving parts, a long stroke of automation and a roll-out of the shutter. The percussion mechanism was of the classic type - a striker, the sight was cross-country, designed for aimed fire at distances of 50 and 100 m, the fuse fixed the shutter in the cocked position. The submachine gun turned out to be small, 600 mm long with the shoulder rest retracted and 380 mm with the folded one, and weighed 1.88 kg without cartridges. PPS-10P arr. 1950 was made in 1950, but, unfortunately, it did not pass the entire test cycle. In addition, due to the lack of a muzzle brake-compensator, the accuracy of fire turned out to be low, and the strength of some parts was insufficient. It took two decades to appreciate Simonov's developments - only in 1970 did the design of small-sized submachine guns resume in the USSR. Moreover, history repeated itself: the samples presented by N.M. Afanasiev and E.F. Dragunov, did not satisfy the military in terms of effective firing range. And only in 1993 did mass production of Kedra very similar to PPS-10P begin.

Rice. 13. Submachine gun PPS-10P arr. 1950

Caliber - 9 mm, total length - 600 mm, length with folded butt - 380 mm, weight without cartridges - 1.88 kg, rate of fire - 700 rounds per minute, magazine capacity - 30 rounds.

3) In parallel, Sergei Gavrilovich was engaged in machine guns - as the combat experience of the Second World War showed, the most successful and promising light small arms. Own AS-13P arr. He designed 1949 of the year in 1948. For the operation of automation, the energy of powder gases was used, partially discharged through the side hole in the barrel, for locking the cartridge - the shutter skew well-developed by the author, to slow down the rate of fire - a long stroke of the piston rod. To reduce the length of the receiver, the designer placed the recoil spring in the butt.

From AS-18P arr. 1948, it was possible to fire bursts and single shots. There was a fuse that locked the trigger. A significant number of parts were made using a high-tech cold stamping method. Although the weapon turned out to be quite usable, it was overweight - without cartridges it weighed 4.31 kg. Simonov tried to lighten it by abandoning the dust cover of the receiver window, redesigning the reloading handle, changing the fuse and the fire mode selector. New AS-18P arr. 1949 "lost" half a kilo and became more comfortable.

Rice. 14. Automatic AS-18P arr. 1949

Caliber - 7.62 mm, total length - 860 mm, weight without cartridges and magazine - 3.8 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds

4) At the same time, the gunsmith tried a different principle for actuating moving parts. Back in 1948, he created the AS-19P with a semi-free (self-opening) shutter, slowed down due to friction, which also ensured slow extraction of cartridge cases. Otherwise, the design was very reminiscent of the AS-13P and AS-18P.

Rice. 15. Automatic AS-19P arr. 1948

Caliber - 7.62 mm, total length - 852 mm, weight without cartridges and magazine - 3.2 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds.

5) The last in a series of machines 1948-1949. became AS-21P arr. 1949, structurally similar to AS-18P. In it, the functions of the butt were performed by a receiver riveted from thin corrugated metal sheets. Folding sights, reminiscent of the device of the German FG-42 paratrooper rifle on all Simonov assault rifles, received a more convenient retractable rear sight. The bayonet was intended for hand-to-hand combat. At the request of the customer, who paid special attention to the convenience of the weapon in circulation, Sergey Gavrilovich placed all the accessories for cleaning it in the pistol grip. In 1949, the AK-47 designed by M.T. Kalashnikov, but the improvement of such systems continued. In addition, the operation of the Kalashnikov in the troops revealed a number of shortcomings. While the author sought to eliminate them, other gunsmiths were creating new designs. Simonov also joined them, having accumulated a fair amount of experience in the design of automata.

In 1955-1956. he offered 6 models. The work of their automation was based on the removal of powder gases through a hole in the barrel - a scheme recognized as optimal. The locking of cartridges on all models was carried out by tilting the bolt, as on the universally recognized SKS carbine. In this experimental series, Simonov finally abandoned sights with a folding front sight and a retractable front sight, moving on to the classic - a sector sight with a cylindrical front sight protected by an annular steel front sight. His AS-95P and AS-96P mod. 1955, came out as light as possible. This was achieved by reducing the receiver and wooden parts.

Original in both designs were a gas piston, made stepped to reduce the speed of movement of moving parts and a trigger mechanism made in a removable block. Tests revealed the pros and cons of new products; thus, the rigidity and strength of individual parts turned out to be insufficient, and the recoil, due to the low mass, was excessive. At the same time, experts noted the simplicity of the machine and its unification with the SCS.

Rice. 16. Automatic AS-95P arr. 1955

Caliber - 7.62 mm, total length - 890 mm, length with folded butt - 700 mm, weight without cartridges and magazine - 2.59 kg (96P - 2.85 kg), magazine capacity - 30 rounds

6) The most successful were AS-106P arr. 1955 and AS-107P mod. 1956. Their trigger mechanism was trigger. To forcefully unload the receiver cover and slow down the rate of fire, Simonov used a long stroke of the piston rod and placed the return mechanism in front of the bolt carrier in the receiver, securing the spring located on the piston rod by turning the stop sector. The frame with a return mechanism was fixed with a detachable handle. The stem tube was attached to the gas chamber with a pin. To reduce the size of the weapon in the stowed position, one of the machine guns was equipped with a sliding metal butt.

Rice. 17. Automatic AS-106P arr. 1955

Caliber - 7.62 mm, total length - 890 mm, unloaded weight - 3.5 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds

7) In 1962, a new “automatic period” began for Simonov. Then it finally became clear that the "Kalashnikov" became the standard for such weapons, the technology for its manufacture was debugged "one hundred percent" and breaking it, even for the production of more perfect model, was found to be inappropriate. Therefore, Simonov's experimental products of the AO-31 series resembled the AK-47 and AKM; all had similar rotary shutters and fuses, designed solely to prevent accidental shots, and signal flag translators located near the trigger served to change the fire mode.

However, Simonov's automata had a number of characteristic features, which did not allow them to be confused with other systems. So the AO-31 assault rifle with serial number 3, manufactured and tested in 1962, had a gas chamber on the muzzle of the barrel, which simultaneously served as a compensator brake, front sight body and flame arrester. To lengthen the sighting line, the sight was mounted on the cover of the receiver. However, the AO-31 did not show any tangible advantages over the Kalashnikov, and the performance and reliability turned out to be even lower than that of the serial AK. Of course, Sergei Gavrilovich was upset by this, but he did not give up. It was typical for him to look for something new in many respects empirically, repeatedly reworking and improving knots and details. So he did this time as well. Introduced in 1964, the AO-31-6 reintroduced the conventional gas chamber and long-stroke piston, and the breech had an improved arrangement with a roller on the cam to reduce friction when unlocking. Simonov considered the installation of the sight on the cover of the receiver to be irrational and returned it to the forearm ring. The AO-31-6 submachine gun received a wooden butt, folding in the stowed position and attached to the right side of the receiver. This allowed the use of the machine in all branches of the military. Only two decades later, a similar stock found a place on the Kalashnikov AK-74M.

Rice. 18. Automatic AO-31-6

Caliber - 7.62 mm, total length - 895 mm, length with folded butt - 660 mm, weight without cartridges and magazine - 2.51 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds.

8) In the 60s, Simonov was one of the first in the country to begin experimenting with new promising types of ammunition: 5.45 mm low-pulse and 7.62 mm caseless cartridges. In 1963, the designer proposed the AO-31-5 small-caliber assault rifle. With the exception of the barrel, it did not differ from other samples of this series. Although testing at the test site confirmed the viability of such weapons, it took another 10 years before they established themselves in the weapons system of the Soviet Army.

Rice. 19. Automatic AO-31-5

Caliber - 5.45 mm, total length - 910 mm, empty weight - 2.57 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds

9) The experimental caseless AO-31-7 of the 1965 release turned out to be forgotten. Technically, it was designed like the entire AO series, but did not have an ejector and a reflector. It tested the possibility of firing ammunition, in which the powder charge was compressed with a primer. The AO-31-7 assault rifle was not intended for firing single shots, the main thing was to get the weapon and unusual ammunition to work in automatic mode, but this was prevented by clearly “raw” cartridges. It’s a pity, of course, because caseless ammunition promised considerable benefits. For example, due to the lower weight and dimensions, it was possible to place more ammunition in the store. And again about the priority: the Simonov automatic machine for 30 years anticipated the appearance of similar weapons in other countries, in particular in Germany.

10) B last years Sergei Gavrilovich continued to work on small-caliber machine guns chambered for a 5.45 mm cartridge. In particular, in 1975 he created the AG-042 and AG-043, which were distinguished by their small size and weight. To activate the automation, the designer used the classic removal of powder gases for such weapons through a hole in the barrel, but due to its short length - only 215 mm - this was done through the muzzle. The gas chamber also served as the base of the front sight.

To reduce recoil, a muzzle brake-compensator with a flame arrester was screwed onto the barrel. As on previous models, the gunsmith took care of safety - two fuses protected the soldier from premature and unintentional shots. One in the receiver prevented the cocking of the shutter, and the second in the trigger prevented the shot from being accidentally pressed on the trigger. He also served as a translator of the fire regime. The cartridges were placed in the standard 30-round magazines of the Kalashnikov assault rifle.

Simonov's weapons were distinguished by the fact that they were easily disassembled and very technologically advanced due to the widespread use of cold stamping in the manufacture of parts. Based on the specifics of different types of troops, it was equipped with wooden or metal butts; the latter in the retracted position significantly reduced the length of machine guns and submachine guns. Tests AG-042 and AG-043 took place in competition with the Kalashnikov shortened AKS-74U. They did not show any significant advantages in terms of rate of fire and ballistics and therefore were not accepted into service. The authority of M.T. Kalashnikov, who by that time had already twice become the Hero of Socialist Labor. The AG-042 and AG-043 assault rifles were the last Simonov exhibits: Sergei Gavrilovich donated them to the museum in 1979.

Rice. 21. Small-sized machine gun AG-043

Caliber - 5.45 mm, total length - 680 mm, length with folded butt - 420 mm, empty weight -2.1 kg, magazine capacity - 30 rounds

Used Books

1. Zhuk A.B. "Encyclopedia of small arms" - M .: "Voenizdat", 1998

2. A.I. Blagovestov. “What they shoot from in the CIS: A directory of small arms” / Ed. ed. A.E. Taras - Minsk, "Harvest", 2000.

3. Markevich V.E. "Handgun"

4. "Weapon of Victory 1941-1945" / Ed. ed. V.N. Novikova - M.: Mashinostroenie, 1985

5. Bolotin D.N. "Soviet small arms for 50 years" L., 1967

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Project passport

"Education of love for the native land, for the native

Culture, to the native village or city, to the native speech -

A task of paramount importance and not

The need to prove it. But how to educate

This love? It starts small - with love for

Your family, your home, your school.

Gradually expanding, this love for the native land

Turns into love for his country - for its history, its

past and present."

D. S. Likhachev. Letters about the good and the beautiful.

The memory of the past, of glorious ancestors, of the great cultural traditions of the native land is one of the effective means of educating the future citizen. Integral part national history is the history of the Kovrov land, which has made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development of the country, to the spiritual life of society, to increasing the defense capability of our great Motherland.

Project name -“A nugget of the land of Fedotovskaya. Constructor

Automatic small arms S.G. Simonov"

Project type: information research.

Goals and objectives of the project:

Collection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of his creation various kinds small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths.

Research methods:

Our students and teachers strive to ensure that the school was named after S.G. Simonov. For this reason, our project ispractical significance:

Project participants:

Stages of work on the project:

November–December 2010

January - February 2011

During the course of the project, wethe following sources were used:

Internet resources:

http://www.legendary-arms.ru

http://www.weaponland.ru Encyclopedia of weapons. The creator of the Armored Piercer is Sergey Simonov. Sergei Monetchikov.

http://www.agentura.ru

http://www.souz-avtorov.ru. Could big losses in World War II have been avoided? Anatoly Antonov.

Books donated to the museum by V.V. Simonov:

Shestakovsky A.F. Achieve the impossible. Enlightenment, 1989.

Bolotin D.N. Soviet small arms, L., 1967.

Bolotin D.N. The oldest Soviet gunsmith. - “Military. news", 1969, No. 10.

Martynchuk N. N. A matter of life. M., 1975, p. 100-105.

"Weapon of Victory" (under the editorship of V.N. Novikov, M., Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1985) Chapter V -

"Weapon".

"Weapon of achievement". Central Order of the Red Star Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

M., 1983.

Periodicals:

factory truth. Socio-political newspaper of the Klimovsk Specialized Cartridge Plant. No. 34, 39, October 2004

Border Guard of the Northeast. Regional border newspaper of the FSB of Russia, No. 44, November 3-9, 2004. Viktor LITOVKIN, Impact force Ichthyander.

Photos from the personal archive of S.G. and V.V. Simonov.

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"Love for one's Motherland is not something abstract; it is love for one's city, for one's locality, for the monuments of its culture, pride in one's history." Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Small arms designer S.G. Simonov 1894 - 1986

Goals and objectives of the project: Collection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of the creation of various types of small arms by him, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths. Research methods: Work with Internet sources, literature, periodicals, study of materials available in the school museum. Meeting with relatives of the famous gunsmith living in the city of Kovrov, correspondence with the family of V.V. Simonov, nephew of Sergei Gavrilovich. Analysis, comparison of materials from various sources, systematization and generalization.

Project participants: students of grades 8-9: Alena Sidorkina, Mikhail Semichev, Maria Galaktionova, Anna Korobko, Mikhail Askalin, Kirill Pikaev, history teacher Kuleva N.V., head of the school museum Sazhenyuk E.A. Terms of work on the project: November 2010 - February 2011. Stages of work on the project: November - December 2010 - collection of materials about S.G. Simonov: Interesting Facts biographies, the history of the creation of various types of small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths; January - February 2011 - systematization of the information received, analysis of conflicting facts, clarification and elimination of inaccuracies; creation computer presentation, brochures and a set of photographs dedicated to S.G. Simonov and the successors of his work.

Father Gavrila Ignatievich Among the workers of the experimental workshop at the Degtyarev plant in Kovrov Mother Evlampiya Terenyevna

“From the very first days of work, he showed a keen interest in our business. Both I and Fedorov noticed this. Whatever work was entrusted to him, he performed it conscientiously and diligently. We began to help Simonov, and he very soon became a first-class gunsmith. Having studied the principles of automation, he more than once amazed us with his rationalization proposals and inventive abilities, which he showed in daily work. Simonov was entrusted with independent work, and he successfully coped with them ”From the memoirs of Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, the founder of the Russian school of automatic weapons Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev, head of the experimental workshop of the plant. Kirkizha (in the bottom row, second from the left, S.G. Simonov)

1922-1923 - a light machine gun and an automatic rifle, characterized by simplicity and low cost of production. 1936 - AVS-36 (Simonov automatic rifle), which surpassed the designs of Degtyarev and Tokarev 1938 - SVS-14 (Simonov sniper rifle), which has high combat qualities 1941 - PTRS (Simonov anti-tank self-loading rifle), for the development of which Simonov was awarded the Stalin (State) Prize. 1945 - SKS-45 (Simonov's self-loading carbine) and its sniper version, which became truly a masterpiece of design thought by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov

Weapons of Victory

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"Love for one's Motherland is not something abstract; it is love for one's city, for one's locality, for the monuments of its culture, pride in one's history," wrote academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.

Wherever we live - in a city or a village - we love our "small Motherland". The history of our Fatherland, like a huge mosaic panel, is made up of the history of small towns, villages, of the history of the people living in them. And it is clear that it is impossible to know the history of the entire state without knowing the past and present of your small homeland, the land where you were born and raised.

An integral part of national history is the history of the Kovrov land, which has made a significant contribution to the economic and cultural development of the country, to the spiritual life of society, to increasing the defense capability of our great Motherland.

Within the framework of the regional competition of projects “Pages of the History of My Small Motherland”, we developed the project “Nugget of the Fedotov Land”, dedicated to the life and work of our fellow countryman, a wonderful domestic gunsmith, a man of world renown - Sergey Gavrilovich Simonov.

The choice of the theme of the project is not accidental. For almost 30 years, our school has been associated with the name of the gunsmith Simonov: in 1982, Sergei Gavrilovich was our guest, at the same time, the former director of the school, Samorodova Z.I. began to collect materials about his biography, which formed the basis of the exposition of the school museum opened in 2005. At the opening of the museum and the bas-relief dedicated to Simonov, his relatives came, including his nephew, Vladimir Vasilyevich, also a famous gunsmith. Books about our famous countryman, photographs and other interesting materials were donated to the museum.

Therefore, when the topics of future projects were discussed, everyone unanimously decided: of course, about Simonov - our most famous fellow countryman!

The goals and objectives of the project werecollection and systematization of materials about S.G. Simonov: scattered, sometimes contradictory information about the facts of his biography, the history of the creation of various types of small arms by him, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths.

Our students and teachers strive to ensure that the school was named after S.G. Simonov. As a result, our projectpractical significance:enrichment of the materials of the school museum, expansion of the exposition dedicated to our wonderful countryman, creation of a computer presentation that can be used in the classroom and extracurricular activities in the future, the creation of printing materials for the museum and its guests - brochures and a set of photographs. In addition, we are sure that our work will be of interest to the regional information and local history center.

The research methods were:

Work with Internet sources, literature, periodicals,

The study of materials available in the school museum.

Meeting with relatives of the famous gunsmith living in Kovrov, correspondence with the family of V.V. Simonov, nephew of Sergei Gavrilovich.
Analysis, comparison of materials from various sources, systematization and generalization.

Stages of work on the project:

November–December 2010- collection of materials about S.G. Simonov: interesting biography facts, the history of the creation of various types of small arms, the Simonov dynasty of gunsmiths;

January - February 2011- systematization of the information received, analysis of contradictory facts, clarification and elimination of inaccuracies; creation of a computer presentation, a brochure and a set of photographs dedicated to S.G. Simonov and the successors of his work.

S.G.Simonov was born in the village of Fedotovo in 1894. The work biography of a simple rural boy began early, after graduating from three classes of a rural school, and almost from the first days was connected with technology. Already at the age of sixteen, he works as a blacksmith in a locksmith's workshop, and then as a locksmith at a mechanical plant. After graduating from vocational courses in 1917, he goes to work as a mechanic-debugger of automatic weapons at the Kovrov machine-gun plant (currently OAO Plant named after V.A. Degtyarev).

The first teachers of Sergei Gavrilovich wereVladimir Grigorievich Fedorov, founder of the Russian school of automatic weapons, andVasily Alekseevich Degtyarev, head of the experimental workshop of the plant. They prompted an inquisitive young man

craving for the design of small arms, which later became the main business of his life. Sergei Gavrilovich showed thoroughness in everything. Taking on any new work for himself, Simonov tried to perform it not just well, but with that uniqueness that only a true master of his craft is capable of.

All further biography of Sergei Gavrilovich is closely connected with the weapons that he created.

1922-1923 - the beginning of his independent inventive activity - a light machine gun and an automatic rifle were created, which are distinguished by their simplicity and low cost of production.

1936 - AVS-36 (Simonov automatic rifle), which surpassed in its characteristics the designs of Degtyarev and Tokarev.

1938 - SVS-14 (Simonov sniper rifle), which has high combat qualities.

1941 - PTRS (Simonov anti-tank self-loading rifle), for the development of which Simonov was awarded the Stalin Prize.

1945 - SKS-45 (Simonov's self-loading carbine) and its sniper version, which have become truly a masterpiece of Sergei Gavrilovich's design ideas.

SKS-45 was successfully used at the front and after the war. The carbine was delivered to various countries of the world. The appearance of the SCS allowed him to take the place of the Russian ceremonial and ceremonial weapons; he fit perfectly into army rituals. The uniqueness of the Simonov carbine is that it is easily modified at arms factories and sold as a hunting rifle with the abbreviation OP-SKS.

50-70s - more than 150 types of small arms, including several dozens of various variants of self-loading and automatic carbines created on the basis of the SCS, as well as self-loading rifles, self-loading sniper rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns. These colossal figures testify to the perseverance and diligence of a talented designer.

Sergey Gavrilovich great attention devoted to the introduction of new designs in

production, education of competent and responsible specialists. He charged everyone with his energy and dedication. Could work around the clock. Often met with young people. Was a happy father. Raised and raised eight children.

Sergei Gavrilovich played a huge role in the fate of one of his nephews, Vladimir Vasilyevich Simonov. Vladimir Vasilyevich was born in 1935 in the city of Kovrov. Having received his education, since 1967 he worked at TsNIITM under the guidance of his uncle, the famous designer S.G. Simonov. Sergei Gavrilovich played a huge role in his life. He taught Vladimir dedication:“The case needs to get sick, it should completely absorb you, only then you will get the result”. He was convinced that there is never one solution. It is necessary to constantly think and look for new ways. He himself was an incorrigible workaholic and energized and energized his younger employees.

In 1969, Sergei Gavrilovich persuaded Vladimir Vasilievich's wife, Elena Mikhailovna, also a design engineer, to go to the Central Research Institute of Technology. Elena Mikhailovna doubted for a long time and denied:“I work with sewing machines and don't

I know about firearms."S.G. Simonov insisted:"In the sewing

the typewriter has a hundred parts, and the machine has ten. I know you can handle it."

The Simonovs became the creators of a very serious weapon - a special underwater pistol and machine gun, which still have no analogues in the world. The couple worked together for many years. Vladimir Vasilyevich is the author of 107 inventions, and Elena - 75.

The Simonovs are not only well-known designers, but also happy parents. They have four daughters, all, like their parents, became design engineers.

The eldest Natasha (by her husband Masilevich) participated in the development of a special reconnaissance knife - NRS, from the handle of which, like a pistol, you can shoot at a distance of 25 meters.

In 2005 V.V. Simonov, together with one of his daughters, visited our school for the opening of the bas-relief.

For the great national economic importance Simonov V.V. awarded the title of Honored Inventor of Russia and Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.

III.

The Simonov dynasty is a whole galaxy of outstanding designers.

Having developed many types of weapons, they entered not only

domestic, but also world history. It is with their unique

rifle, anti-tank, underwater weapons our soldiers

ensure the safety of our people.

While working on the project, we studied many articles and books about life path Simonov, and made sure that the exact number of small arms designs he created has not yet been named. Moreover, in some publications dedicated to Soviet gunsmiths, Simonov's name is not mentioned at all. We were especially shocked by excerpts from Andrey Kuptsov's book “The Strange History of Weapons. S.G. Simonov - the unknown genius of Russia, or Who disarmed the Russian soldier. The author, in particular, writes: “Simonov opened a new direction in small arms automation. Simonov - these are heavy and heavy machine guns. These are light machine guns and submachine guns. These are tank machine guns of America, England, France and Japan. Simonov is the whole range of small arms and machine guns in Japan. Simonov is a promising weapon for the US infantryman of the 21st century.” Kuptsov tells in detail with what great difficulty, overcoming numerous political and bureaucratic obstacles, Simonov's weapons, so necessary to the army, made their way. And how much of it did not reach! And the price of that is millions of human lives!

And yet, we have something to be proud of!

Sergey Gavrilovich Simonov (1894-1986) is deservedly considered one of the patriarchs. His life was typical of talented nuggets who came to the Soviet defense industry in the 20-30s. Born into a peasant family, he graduated from three classes of a rural school, at the age of 1b he became a blacksmith's apprentice, then a factory locksmith, and in 1917 he began working as an adjuster of V.G. In 1922, Sergei Gavrilovich was already engaged in the creation of a light machine gun and an automatic rifle of his own design. After 7 years, he becomes the head of the assembly shop of the plant, then the experimental workshops, in 1932-1933. replenishes education at the Industrial Academy, and after 3 years, his automatic rifle is adopted.

After that, Simonov headed the design bureaus at the enterprises of the defense industry and only in 1959 he retired. But even then he did not stop working on new models of weapons. Evidence of high appreciation of his merits - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and twice - the laureate of the Stalin Prize, awarding eight orders and several medals. Over the long years of his creative activity, Simonov designed one and a half hundred different systems, but for a number of reasons only three gained fame: the ABC-36 automatic rifle, the PTRS anti-tank rifle and the SKS self-loading carbine, which became the service weapon of our army.

What about the rest of the designs? What were they like? Let's try to answer this question, especially since the prototypes did not disappear without a trace, as often happened, but are stored in the collection of the Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow. Simonov himself contributed a lot to this, bequeathing his experimental weapon to the museum in 1960-1981. who transferred 155 "trunks" here. With a few exceptions, these are automatic systems, among which submachine guns and machine guns occupy a significant place.

Sergey Gavrilovich developed his first submachine gun in 1945-1946. It seemed that during the Second World War, all conceivable improvements were made to the design of such weapons. Nevertheless, Simonov found new, original solutions in the design of individual components and elements, so that the initial version of the PPS-6P model of 1946 had undeniable advantages over the Shpagin and Sudayev submachine guns that were in service. Its automation remained traditional for such systems and was based on the return of a free shutter, but the moving parts were much better protected from contamination. In particular, the shutter and the receiver were covered from dust and moisture by a thin-walled stamped cover, which remained motionless during firing. On all serial submachine guns, spent cartridges were thrown up and to the side through a window in the receiver and prevented the shooter from sighting the target, Simonov directed the extraction of cartridges down, PPS-6P of the 1946 model had a constant sight at 200 m, consisting of a front sight and a rear sight, a box carbine type; 7.62-mm pistol cartridges of the 1930 model served as ammunition.

Submachine gun PPS-6P arr. 1946.
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 798 mm
weight without cartridges - 3.27 kg

magazine capacity - 35 rounds

In 1949, the designer redesigned this weapon for 9-mm PM pistol cartridges and reduced its size by using a retractable metal butt. The new sample received the PPS-8P 49 brand. In the same year, on the instructions of the NKVD, Simonov began work on the first Soviet compact submachine gun. Taking the PPS-8P as a basis, to further reduce the dimensions, he used the bolt to roll out onto the barrel at the time of the shot. (It was only in 1954 that such a decision was embodied in the Israeli Uzi, so its author Uziel Gal was far from the first.) A feature of the new weapon was a low rate of fire, which was achieved by a relatively large mass of moving parts, a long stroke of automation and a roll-out shutter. The percussion mechanism was of the classic type - a striker, the sight was cross-country, designed for aimed fire at distances of 50 and 100 m, the fuse fixed the shutter in the cocked position. The submachine gun turned out to be small, 600 mm long with the shoulder rest retracted and 380 mm with the folded one, and weighed 1.88 kg without cartridges.

PPS-10P arr. 1950. was made in 1950, but unfortunately it did not pass the entire test cycle. In addition, due to the lack of a muzzle brake-compensator, the accuracy of fire turned out to be low, and the strength of some parts was insufficient. It took two decades to appreciate Simonov's developments - only in 1970 did the design of small-sized submachine guns resume in the USSR. Moreover, it repeated itself: the samples presented by N.M. Afanasyev and E.F. Dragunov did not satisfy the military in terms of effective firing range. And only in 1993 did mass production of Kedra very similar to PPS-10P begin.

Submachine gun PPS-10P arr. 1950.
caliber - 9 mm
total length - 600 mm
length with folded butt - 380 mm
weight without cartridges - 1.88 kg

rate of fire - 700 rounds per minute
.

In parallel, Sergei Gavrilovich was engaged in machine guns - as the combat experience of the Second World War showed, the most successful and promising light small arms. Own AS-13P arr. He designed 1949 of the year in 1948. For the operation of automation, the energy of powder gases was used, partially discharged through the side hole in the barrel, for locking the cartridge - the shutter skew well-developed by the author, to slow down the rate of fire - a long stroke of the piston rod. To reduce the length of the receiver, the designer placed the recoil spring in the butt. From AS-18P arr. 1948, it was possible to fire bursts and single shots. There was a fuse that locked the trigger. A significant number of parts were made using a high-tech cold stamping method. Although the weapon turned out to be quite usable, it was overweight - without cartridges it weighed 4.31 kg. Simonov tried to lighten it by abandoning the dust cover of the receiver window, redesigning the reloading handle, changing the fuse and the fire mode selector. New AS-18P arr. 1949 "lost" half a kilo and became more comfortable.

Automatic AS-18P arr. 1949.
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 860 mm
weight without cartridges and magazine - 3.8 kg
magazine capacity - 30 rounds

At the same time, the gunsmith tried a different principle for activating moving parts. Back in 1948, he created the AS-19P with a semi-free (self-opening) shutter, slowed down due to friction, which also ensured slow extraction of cartridge cases. Otherwise, the design was very reminiscent of the AS-13P and AS-18P.

Automatic AS-19P arr. 1948.
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 852 mm
weight without cartridges and magazine - 3.2 kg

The last in a series of automatic machines 1948-1949. became AS-21P arr. 1949, structurally similar to AS-18P. In it, the functions of the butt were performed by a receiver riveted from thin corrugated metal sheets. Folding sights, reminiscent of the device of the German FG-42 paratrooper rifle on all Simonov assault rifles, received a more convenient retractable rear sight. The bayonet was intended for hand-to-hand combat. At the request of the customer, who paid special attention to the convenience of the weapon in circulation, Sergey Gavrilovich placed all the accessories for cleaning it in the pistol grip.

In 1949, the AK-47 designed by M.T. Kalashnikov was adopted, but the improvement of such systems continued. In addition, the operation of the Kalashnikov in the troops revealed a number of shortcomings. While the author sought to eliminate them, other gunsmiths were creating new designs. Simonov also joined them, having accumulated a fair amount of experience in the design of automata. In 1955-1956. he offered 6 models. The work of their automation was based on the removal of powder gases through a hole in the barrel - a scheme recognized as optimal. The locking of cartridges on all models was carried out by tilting the bolt, as on the universally recognized SKS carbine. In this experimental series, Simonov finally abandoned the sights with a folding front sight and a retractable whole, moving on to the classic - a sector sight with a cylindrical front sight protected by an annular steel front sight. His AS-95P and AS-96P mod. 1955, came out as light as possible. This was achieved by reducing the receiver and wooden parts. Original in both designs were a gas piston, made stepped to reduce the speed of movement of moving parts and a trigger mechanism made in a removable block. Tests revealed the pros and cons of new products; thus, the rigidity and strength of individual parts turned out to be insufficient, and the recoil, due to the low mass, was excessive. At the same time, experts noted the simplicity of the machine and its unification with the SCS.

Automatic AS-95P arr. 1955.
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 890 mm
length with folded butt - 700 mm
weight without cartridges and magazine - 2.59 kg (96P - 2.85 kg)
magazine capacity - 30 rounds

The most successful were AS-106P arr. 1955 and AS-107P mod. 1956. Their trigger mechanism was trigger. To forcefully unload the receiver cover and slow down the rate of fire, Simonov used a long stroke of the piston rod and placed the return mechanism in front of the bolt carrier in the receiver, securing the spring located on the piston rod by turning the stop sector. The frame with a return mechanism was fixed with a detachable handle. The stem tube was attached to the gas chamber with a pin. To reduce the size of the weapon in the stowed position, one of the machine guns was equipped with a sliding metal butt.

Automatic AS-106P arr. 1955.
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 890 mm
weight without cartridges - 3.5 kg
magazine capacity - 30 rounds

In 1962, a new “automatic period” began for Simonov. Then it finally became clear that the "Kalashnikov" became the standard for such weapons, the technology for its manufacture was debugged "one hundred percent" and breaking it, even for the production of a more advanced model, was recognized as inappropriate. Therefore, Simonov's experimental products of the AO-31 series resembled the AK-47 and AKM; all had similar rotary shutters and fuses, designed solely to prevent accidental shots, and signal flag translators located near the trigger served to change the fire mode. Nevertheless, Simonov's automata had a number of characteristic features that did not allow them to be confused with other systems. So the AO-31 assault rifle with serial number 3, manufactured and tested in 1962, had a gas chamber on the muzzle of the barrel, which simultaneously served as a compensator brake, front sight body and flame arrester. To lengthen the sighting line, the sight was mounted on the cover of the receiver. However, the AO-31 did not show any tangible advantages over the Kalashnikov, and the performance and reliability turned out to be even lower than that of the serial AK.

Of course, Sergei Gavrilovich was upset by this, but he did not give up. It was typical for him to look for something new in many respects empirically, repeatedly reworking and improving knots and details. So he did this time as well. Introduced in 1964, the AO-31-6 reintroduced the conventional gas chamber and long-stroke piston, and the breech had an improved arrangement with a roller on the cam to reduce friction when unlocking. Simonov considered the installation of the sight on the cover of the receiver to be irrational and returned it to the forearm ring. The AO-31-6 submachine gun received a wooden butt, folding in the stowed position and attached to the right side of the receiver. This allowed the use of the machine in all branches of the military. Only two decades later, a similar stock found a place on the Kalashnikov AK-74M.

Automatic AO-31-6
caliber - 7.62 mm
total length - 895 mm
length with folded butt - 660 mm
weight without cartridges and magazine - 2.51 kg
magazine capacity - 30 rounds.

In the 60s, Simonov was one of the first in the country to begin experimenting with new promising types of ammunition: 5.45 mm low-pulse and 7.62 mm caseless cartridges. In 1963, the designer proposed the AO-31-5 small-caliber assault rifle. With the exception of the barrel, it did not differ from other samples of this series. Although testing at the test site confirmed the viability of such weapons, it took another 10 years before they established themselves in the weapons system of the Soviet Army.

Automatic AO-31-5
caliber - 5.45 mm
total length - 910 mm
weight without cartridges - 2.57 kg
magazine capacity - 30 rounds

The experimental caseless AO-31-7 of 1965 was forgotten. Technically, it was designed like the entire AO series, but did not have an ejector and a reflector. It tested the possibility of firing ammunition, in which the powder charge was compressed with a primer. The AO-31-7 assault rifle was not intended for firing single shots, the main thing was to get the weapon and unusual ammunition to work in automatic mode, but this was prevented by clearly “raw” cartridges. It’s a pity, of course, because caseless ammunition promised considerable benefits. For example, due to the lower weight and dimensions, it was possible to place more ammunition in the store. And again about the priority: the Simonov automatic machine for 30 years anticipated the appearance of similar weapons in other countries, in particular in Germany.

In recent years, Sergei Gavrilovich continued to work on small-caliber machine guns chambered for a 5.45-mm cartridge. In particular, in 1975 he created the AG-042 and AG-043, which were distinguished by their small size and weight. To activate the automation, the designer used the classic removal of powder gases for such weapons through a hole in the barrel, but due to its short length - only 215 mm - this was done through the muzzle. The gas chamber also served as the base of the front sight. To reduce recoil, a muzzle brake-compensator with a flame arrester was screwed onto the barrel. As on previous models, the gunsmith took care of safety - two fuses protected the soldier from premature and unintentional shots. One in the receiver prevented the cocking of the shutter, and the second in the trigger prevented the shot from being accidentally pressed on the trigger. He also served as a translator of the fire regime. The cartridges were placed in the standard 30-round magazines of the Kalashnikov assault rifle.

Tests AG-042 and AG-043 took place in competition with the Kalashnikov shortened AKS-74U. They did not show any significant advantages in terms of rate of fire and ballistics and therefore were not accepted into service. The authority of M.T. Kalashnikov, who by that time had already twice Hero of Socialist Labor, also had an effect. The AG-042 and AG-043 assault rifles were the last Simonov exhibits: Sergei Gavrilovich donated them to the museum in 1979.

Small-sized automatic machine AG-043
caliber - 5.45 mm
total length - 680 mm
length with folded butt - 420 mm
weight without cartridges -2.1 kg
magazine capacity - 30 rounds

S. Simonov - the unknown genius of Russia (a.g. merchants). Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov Simonov's weapons, developed by him in the last years of his life

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